請教 VIII-1中的幾個問題

Self-reliance

UG-39.        REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN FLAT HEADS AND COVERS

   (2)        Opening(s) may be located in the rim space surrounding the central opening. See Figure UG-39, sketch (b). Such openings may be reinforced by area replacement in accordance with the formula in (b)(1) above using as a required head thickness the thickness that satisfies rules of Mandatory Appendix 14.  

此處by area replacement的正確含意為何，或請舉例詳述


UG-40        LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT
(e)        With the exception of studding outlet type flanges and the straight hubs of forged nozzle flanges [see UG-44(a)(10)], bolted flange material within the limits of reinforcement shall not be considered to have reinforcing value. With the exception of material within an integral hub, no material in a tubesheet or flat head shall be credited as reinforcement for an opening in an adjacent shell or head.


第2段應是指熱交換器而言，但文中 integral hub 是指何元件

吕长乐

个人理解：by area replacement是“通过面积置换”的意思，也就是等面积补强。

kimyc

area replacement应该就是等面积补强。integral hub可能是管板或平封头带一体的焊接边那种。．

吕长乐

integral hub应该是指一体式高颈法兰。