Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants - CRC Press 2017

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Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants - CRC Press 2017

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contents
List of Figures and Equations.........................................................................................................xi
List of Tables................................................................................................................................ xiii
Preface.............................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Overview and History...................................................................................................1
Introduction...................................................................................................................1
Why Plan? Some Historical Context.............................................................................2
Overview of Radiological Concepts..............................................................................4
Overview of Reactor Plant Designs..............................................................................9
Boiling Water Reactors............................................................................................... 11
Pressurized Water Reactors......................................................................................... 14
Fission Product Barriers.............................................................................................. 17
General Emergency Preparedness History................................................................. 17
Evolution of Radiological Emergency Preparedness..................................................20
Contents of Emergency Plans...................................................................................... 21
Reactor Accident Consequence Studies......................................................................22
Three Mile Island Accident and Regulatory Response...............................................23
Creation of the Federal Emergency Management Agency..........................................25
Evacuation Time Estimate Studies..............................................................................26
Planning Standards (10 CFR 50.47(b))........................................................................28
Radiation Protection and Protective Action Guides...................................................28
Chernobyl Disaster and Potassium Iodide..................................................................29
Emergency Plan Exercises..........................................................................................30
Offsite Authorities and the “Realism Doctrine”.........................................................34
NUMARC Emergency Action Levels......................................................................... 35
Hurricane Andrew, Turkey Point, and the Post-Disaster Reactor Restart Process.....36
Three Mile Island Intrusion Event and the Design Basis Threat................................ 37
Revised Reactor Oversight Program...........................................................................38
Post-9/11 Security Environment.................................................................................. 39
Public Alerting Siren Systems....................................................................................40
Emergency Broadcast and Emergency Alert Systems................................................ 42
Homeland Security Exercise Evaluation Program...................................................... 43
Emergency Preparedness Rulemaking, November 2011............................................44
Accident at Fukushima Daiichi, Japan, March 2011...................................................46
FEMA Radiological Emergency Preparedness Manual.............................................48
Small Modular Reactors..............................................................................................48
Decommissioned Plants..............................................................................................50
NUREG-0654, Revision 2.......................................................................................... 51
Chapter 2 Protective Responses................................................................................................... 53
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Safety Goals and Large Early Releases................. 53
Defense in Depth......................................................................................................... 55
Reasonable Assurance.................................................................................................56
Chapter 3 Core Damage and Related Concepts......................................................................... 113
Introduction............................................................................................................... 113
General Method......................................................................................................... 114
Definitions................................................................................................................. 114
Fuel Damage......................................................................................................... 114
Core Damage Frequency...................................................................................... 114
Reactor Fuel.............................................................................................................. 115
Isotopes of Interest in Reactor Accidents.................................................................. 115
Total Core Inventory............................................................................................. 116
Half-Life............................................................................................................... 116
External Radiation Dose Factor........................................................................... 116
Inhalation Dose Factor......................................................................................... 117
Limitations on Measurement................................................................................ 118
Source Term and Core Inventory.............................................................................. 118
Core States................................................................................................................. 120
Core Damage Frequency........................................................................................... 123
Chapter 4 Basics of Dispersion.................................................................................................. 147
Introduction............................................................................................................... 147
Routine Radiological Releases.................................................................................. 147
Discussion and Definitions........................................................................................ 148
Gaussian Dispersion Equation.................................................................................. 150
Atmospheric Stability................................................................................................ 152
Surface Roughness.................................................................................................... 154
Variability in Plume Position.................................................................................... 154
Puff Releases............................................................................................................. 155
Parameter Time Averaging....................................................................................... 156
Chapter 5 Environmental Monitoring........................................................................................ 181
Introduction............................................................................................................... 181
Environmental Survey Teams................................................................................... 182
Basic Monitoring Considerations.............................................................................. 185
Air Sampling............................................................................................................. 188
Contamination........................................................................................................... 191
Strategies for Managing Offsite Survey Teams........................................................ 192
Operating in Public................................................................................................... 194
Chapter 6 Emergency Response Organizations and Facilities.................................................. 211
Emergency Response Organization.......................................................................... 211
Command-and-Control............................................................................................. 212
On-Shift Organization............................................................................................... 214
Augmented Organization.......................................................................................... 215
Definitions Related to Facility Staffing..................................................................... 217
Chapter 7 Drill and Exercise Programs..................................................................................... 257
Introduction............................................................................................................... 257
Realism...................................................................................................................... 258
Conducting Drills and Exercises............................................................................... 259
Drill Programs.......................................................................................................... 261
Chapter 8 Regulatory Environment........................................................................................... 279
Introduction............................................................................................................... 279
Reasonable Assurance............................................................................................... 279
Docket.......................................................................................................................280
Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 321
Index..............................................................................................................................................349

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