Offshore Processing of CO2-Rich Natural Gas with Supersonic Separator - Sprin...

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Offshore Processing of CO2-Rich Natural Gas with Supersonic Separator - Springer 2019

José Luiz de Medeiros
Lara de Oliveira Arinelli
Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira
Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo

Offshore Processing of CO2-Rich Natural Gas with Supersonic Separator
Multiphase Sound Speed, CO2 Freeze-Out and HYSYS Implementation

ISBN 978-3-030-04005-5 ISBN 978-3-030-04006-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04006-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018962390
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

1 Offshore Processing of CO2-Rich Natural Gas and the Role
of Supersonic Separators—Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lara de Oliveira Arinelli, José Luiz de Medeiros,
Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
1.1 General Overview on Raw CO2-Rich Natural Gas Reserves
and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Technologies for CO2 Capture from CO2-Rich Natural Gas . . . . 3
1.3 Supersonic Separator Application for CO2-Rich Natural Gas
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Conventional Offshore Processing of CO2-Rich Natural Gas . . . . . . 11
Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo and José Luiz de Medeiros
2.1 Offshore Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Topside Gas Processing of FPSO Units in Brazilian Pre-salt . . . . 12
2.3 Technologies for CO2 Separation in Ultra-Deepwater FPSOs . . . 17
2.3.1 CO2 Destination in Ultra-Deepwater FPSOs . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Evaluation of Alternative Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.1 Evaluated CO2 Removal Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Equipment Sizing, Footprint Estimation,
and Economic Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.1 Calculation of Operational and Capital Expenditures . . . . 30
2.5.2 Footprint Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.6 Process Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.7 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.7.1 Mid-Point and End-Point Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.7.2 Economic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.8 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Overview of Natural Gas Processing with Supersonic Separator . . . 41
Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo and José Luiz de Medeiros
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Comparison of Process Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.1 Conventional Process: TEG + JT/LTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.2 Innovative Process: Supersonic Separator (SS) . . . . . . . . 45
3.3 Equipment Sizing and Economic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4 Comparative Analysis: Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 Thermodynamic Modeling of CO2-Rich Natural Gas Fluid
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
José Luiz de Medeiros and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Cubic Equations of State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 GERG-2004/2008 EOS and the Span–Wagner EOS . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.1 GERG-2004/2008-EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3.2 Span–Wagner EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 CPA Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Comments on EOS Performance for Applications
with CO2-Rich Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.6 EOS Performance for Prediction of Physical Properties
of CO2-Rich Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.6.1 Gas Density, Isobaric Heat Capacity, Enthalpy,
and Sound Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.7 Performance of Other Equations of State with CO2-Rich NG
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.8 Comparison of PR-EOS with CO2–CH4 Systems Versus
Literature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.9 VLE Envelopes and Thermodynamic Properties via PR-EOS
for CO2–CH4 Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.10 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5 Thermodynamic Speed of Sound for Multiphase Multi-Reactive
Equilibrium Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
José Luiz de Medeiros, Lara de Oliveira Arinelli
and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2 Multiphase Sound Speed in the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2.1 Multiphase Multi-Reactive Sound Speed
in the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2.2 Outline of Incoming Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6 Modeling of Supersonic Separators and Membrane Permeation
Units for Processing of CO2-Rich Natural Gas with HYSYS
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Lara de Oliveira Arinelli, José Luiz de Medeiros,
Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2 Theoretical Building Blocks for CO2-Rich NG Processing
by Supersonic Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.2.1 Multiphase Sound Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.2.2 Further Aspects of Multiphase Sound Speed . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.2.3 Supersonic Separation Modeling for Adjustment
of Natural Gas Dew-Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.2.4 Membrane Permeation for CO2 Removal
from Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2.5 Supersonic Separation for CO2 Removal
from Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.3 HYSYS SS and MP Unit Operation Extensions
for Natural Gas Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.3.1 Membrane Permeation Modeling and Simulation:
MP-UOE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.3.2 Supersonic Separator Modeling and Simulation:
SS-UOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.3.3 SS-UOE Examples and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.3.4 Influence of Adiabatic Efficiencies on the Performance
of SS-UOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.4 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7 Modeling of CO2 Freeze-Out in the Processing of CO2-Rich
Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
José Luiz de Medeiros and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.2 CO2 Freeze-Out in the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.2.1 CO2 Freeze-Out in Industrial NG Processing . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.2.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Pure CO2
in the Solid State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.2.3 Comparison of Calculated CO2 Freeze-Out Boundaries
with Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8 Supersonic Separators for Offshore Processing of CO2-Rich
Natural Gas: Comparison with Conventional Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Lara de Oliveira Arinelli, José Luiz de Medeiros,
Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.2 CO2-Rich NG Processing Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.3 Description of CO2-Rich NG Processing Alternatives . . . . . . . . . 279
8.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.4.1 Simulation Streams Results and Verification
of Goal-Attainments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.4.2 Power Demand Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
8.5 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9 Recovery of Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors with Supersonic
Separators in Offshore Processing of Natural Gas: The Cases of
Methanol, Ethanol, and Monoethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira, Lara de Oliveira Arinelli,
José Luiz de Medeiros and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9.2 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.2.1 Natural Gas Hydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
9.2.2 Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.2.3 THI-Recovery Units (THI-RUs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2.4 Supersonic Separator Simulation, Operation,
and Control Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9.2.5 Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State (CPA-EOS) . . . 312
9.3 SS-THI-Recovery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.4 Simulation Scenario for SS-THI-Recovery Process . . . . . . . . . . . 318
9.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
9.5.1 Methanol as THI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
9.5.2 Results of SS-THI-Recovery for Ethanol as THI . . . . . . . 329
9.5.3 Results of SS-THI-Recovery for MEG as THI. . . . . . . . . 335
9.5.4 Summary of Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
9.6 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

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