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发表于 2020-7-16 08:13:37
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Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................... ix
ARC WELDING . AN OVERVIEW ............................................................ 1
History of welding .................................................................................. 1
Terminology ............................................................................................ 3
Distortion .................................................................................................... 7
The welding arc .......................... ........... ........................................... 8
Shielding gases ..................... .. ....... ..... ............................................. 12
Power sources ............................................................................... 13
GAS WELDING ...................................................................................... 26
Equipment ................................................................................................ 26
TIG WELDING ......................................................................................... 31
A description of the method ..................................................................... 31
................................................................................................ Equipment 31
Consumables ........................................................................................... 35
PLASMA WELDING ............................................................................... 37
..................................................................... A description of the method 37
Equipment ................................................................................................ 39
Gases for plasma welding ........................................................................ 40
The advantages of the plasma method .................................................... 40
MIGIMAG WELDING ............................................................................... 41
Equipment ................................................................................................ 41
Setting of welding parameters ............................................................... 44
........................................................................................... Consumables 47
Weld quality ............................................................................................. 60
METAL ARC WELDING WITH COATED ELECTRODES ...................... 63
Description of the method ........................................................................ 63
Equipment ................................................................................................ 63
Electrodes ................................................................................................ 64
Weld defects ............................................................................................ 67
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING ............................................................... 68
Description ............................................................................................... 68
Equipment ................................................................................................ 69
Filler material ............................................................................................ 71
The effect of the welding parameters ....................................................... 73
....................................................................... Productivity improvements 75
Joint preparation ...................................................................................... 77
Risks of weld defects ............................................................................... 77
© 2003, Woodhead Publishing LtdCONTENTS
PRESSURE WELDING METHODS ......................................................... 80
Resistance welding .................................................................................. 80
Friction welding ........................................................................................ 86
High-frequency welding ............................................................................ 89
Ultrasonic welding .................................................................................... 89
Explosion welding .................................................................................... 90
............................................................................ Magnetic pulse welding 91
Cold pressure welding .............................................................................. 92
...................................................................................... Diffusion welding 92
.......................................................... OTHER METHODS OF WELDING 93
................................................. ............................ Electroslag welding .. 93
Electrogas welding ................................................................................... 94
......................................................................................... Stud welding 94
........................................................................................... Laser welding 95
............................................................................. Electron beam welding 99
.................................................................................... Thermite welding 101
............................................................................ CUTTING METHODS 102
Thermal cutting ...................................................................................... 102
..................................................................................... Water jet cutting 105
Thermal gouging .................................................................................... 106
SURFACE CLADDING METHODS ....................................................... 108
Cladding to provide a corrosion-resistant layer ...................................... 108
Hardfacing ............... ... ...................................................................... 108
Thermal spraying ................................................................................... 110
MECHANISATION AND ROBOT WELDING ........................................ 114
.......................... .............................................. Narrow-gap welding .. 114
Arc welding using robots ........................................................................ 116
Mechanised TIG welding ........................................................................ 120
Quality requirements for mechanised welding ....................................... 122
SOLDERING AND BRAZING ................................................................ 124
General .................................................................................................. 124
Soft soldering ...................................................................................... 127
Brazing ................................................................................................... 129
THE WELDABILITY OF STEEL ............................................................ 132
Carbon steels ....................................................................................... 132
High-strength and extra high-strength steels ......................................... 136
Austenitic steels ..................................................................................... 139
DESIGN OF WELDED COMPONENTS ................................................ 148
Introduction ................... .. ................................................................... 148
Symbolic representation of welds on drawings ...................................... 148
Welding classes ..................................................................................... 151
Residual stresses in welds. weld distortions ..................... .. ............. 152
© 2003, Woodhead Publishing Ltd......................................................... .............. Design consideration ... 153
Strength considerations of welded joints ................................................ 163
Analysis of statically loaded welded joints .............................................. 163
Welded structures subjected to fatigue loads .................................... 166
References ............................................................................................. 170
16 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT ................... 171
Quality requirements for welding (EN 729) ........................................ 172
.......................................................... Welding coordination (EN 71 9) 173
.................. Specification and approval of welding procedures (EN 288) 175
Approval testing of welders (EN 287) ..................................................... 180
Non-destructive testing .......................................................................... 182
17 WELDING COSTS ................................................................................ 184
....................................................................... Welding cost calculations 184
Some welding cost concepts .................................................................. 184
Cost calculation ...................................................................................... 186
............................................. Mechanisation. automation. robot welding 189
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