[国外锅炉书籍] Boilers and Burners Design and Theory 2000th Edition

工艺-老王 · 发表于 2022-11-6 10:58:41

Series Preface
Pmface
v
vii
1 Introduction 1
1 . 1 Principles of Boiler Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-2 Classification of Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1-3 Description of Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 General Design Considerations 15
2- 1 Boiler Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2-2 Design Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Fuel and Combustion Calculations 21
3- 1 Features of Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3-2 Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3-3 Enthalpy Calculation of Air and Combustion Products . . . . . . 36
3-4 Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3-5 Generation of SO2 and NOx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4 Coal Preparation Systems for Boilers 52
4- 1 Coal Preparation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4-2 Pulverizing Properties of Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4-3 Pulverizing Air System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4-4 Size-Reducing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4-5 Other Components for Coal Reparation Systems . . . . . . . . . 70
4-6 Design of Coal Preparation System
for Pulverized Coal Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4-7 Fuel Feeding in Fluidized Bed Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5 Design of Oil Burners 80
5- 1 Design of Oil Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5-2 Oil Atomizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5-3 Air Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5-4 Design Principles of Oil Fired Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6 Boiler Furnace Design Methods 128
6-1 General Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6-2 Flame Emissivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6-3 Heat Transfer Calculations for the PC Boiler Furnace . . . . . . . 140
6-4 Water Wall Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6-5 Fouling and Thermal Efficiency Factors
for Water Wall Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6-6 Temperature Field Coefficient. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6-7 Furnace Ernissivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6-8 Distribution of Heat Load in Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7 Convective Heating Surfaces 161
7- 1 Design of Superheater and Reheater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7-2 Temperature Control in Superheater and Reheater . . . . . . . . . 167
7-3 Adjustment of Heat Absorption in Superheater and Reheater . . . 172
7-4 Economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7-5 Air Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7-6 Arrangement of Back-Pass Heating Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7-7 Heat Transfer Calculations for Convective Heating Surfaces . . . 187
7-8 Design Methods of Convection Heating Surfaces . . . . . . . . . 206
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8 Swirl Burners 212
8- 1 Design of a Swirl Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8-2 Flow Resistance in Swirl Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8-3 Examples of Swirl Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
8-4 Arrangement of Multiple Swirl Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8-5 Design Procedure of Swirl Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1
9 Design of Novel Burners 242
9- 1 Types of PC Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
9-2 PC Burner With Blunt Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
9-3 Precombustion Chamber Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
9-4 BoatBurner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
9-5 Co-Flow Jet Burner With High Differential Velocity . . . . . . . 249
9-6 Counter-Flow Jet Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
9-7 Dense and Lean Phase PC Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9-8 Down-Shot Flame Combustion Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9-9 Low NO. Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
18 Tangentially Fired Burners 269
10- 1 General Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
10-2 Design of Burners With Peripheral Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
10-3 Design of Tilting Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
10-4 Burners for Bituminous Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
10-5 Anthracite and Lean Coal Fired PC Burner . . . . . . . . . . . 286
10-6 Brown Coal Fired Direct Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10-7 Multifuel Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
10-8 Design Methods for Tangentially Fired Boilers . . . . . . . . . 294
10-9 Example of Burner Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
1 Fluidized Bed Boilers 302
1 1. 1 Fluidized Bed Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
1 1-2 Major Features of Fluidized Bed Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
I 1-3 Basics of Fluidized Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
11 -4 Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
11 -5 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11 -6 Distributor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
1 1-7 Loop Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
1 1-8 Gas-Solid Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
12 Steam-Water Circulation in Boiler 347
2 -1 Natural Circulation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
12-2 Calculations for Simple and Complex Tube Circuits . . . . . . 359
12-3 Two-Phase Flow Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
12-4 Height of Economizer Section in the Riser . . . . . . . . . . . 362
12-5 Worked-Out Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
13 Forced Circulation for Supercritical or Subcritical Boilers 372
1 3- 1 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
13-2 Design Principle of Forced Circulation Boiler . . . . . . . . . 374
13-3 Features of Forced Circulation Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
13-4 Supercritical Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
14 Corrosion and Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces 385
14-1 High-Temperature Corrosion of External Surfaces . . . . . . . 386
14-2 Prevention of High-Temperature Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . 392
14-3 Low-Temperature Corrosion on External Surfaces . . . . . . . 397
14-4 Corrosion and Scaling of Internal Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 402
14-5 Fouling and Slagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
14-6 Calculation of Soot and Ash Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
14-7 Prediction of Slagging Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
14-8 Design Measure for Reduction of Fouling and Slagging . . . . 421
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
I5 Erosion Prevention in Boilers 426
15- 1 Theory of Erosion of Heating Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
15-2 Worked-OutExample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
15-3 Factors Influencing Tube Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
15-4 Analyses of Erosion of Tube Banks in Cross-Flow . . . . . . . 436
15-5 Permissible Gas Velocity for Safe Operation . . . . . . . . . . 439
15-6 Erosion Protection for the Economizer.
Reheater. and Superheater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
15-7 Erosion in Tubular Air Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
15-8 Erosion in Fluidized Bed Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
16 Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts 457
16- 1 Draft Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
16-2 Pressure Drop in Air and Gas Duct Systems . . . . . . . . . . 459
16-3 Pressure Drop Across Heating Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
16-4 Pressure Drop in Natural Draft Gas Path . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
16-5 Pressure Drop Through Air Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
16-6 Selection of Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
16-7 h-essure Drop Through Water or Steam Tubes . . . . . . . . . 480
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
17 Mechanical Design of Pressure Parts 485
17-1 Selection of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
17-2 Important Mechanical Properties of Various Materials . . . . . 487
17-3 Fundamental Metallurgical Concepts
to Improve Steel Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
17-4 Design Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
17-5 Thickness (Scantling)Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
18 Tables of Design Data 524
Table 1 8- I Specific heat of air. flue gas and
ash at atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Table 18-2 Some physical properties of iron.
metal. and selected steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Table 18-3 Linear thema1 expansion of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Table 18-4 Specific heat capacity of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Table 18-5 Electrical resistivity of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Table 18-6 Thermal conductivity of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Table 18-7 Density. heat capacity. and heat conductivity
for metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Table 18-8 Thermal properties of the saturated water and steam
(arranged by temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Table 18-9 Thermal properties of the saturated water and steam
(arranged by pressure) . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Table 1 8- 10 Thermal properties of unsaturated water and
superheated steam at different pressures . . . . . . . . . 534
Table 18- 1 1 Conversion factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541