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CONTENTS
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1: Introduction to Steel Structures 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Manufacture of Structural Steel 2
1.3 Properties of Structural Steel 3
1.4 Structural Steel Shapes and ASTM Specification 12
1.5 Basic Structural Steel Elements 23
1.6 Types of Structural Systems in Steel Buildings 25
1.7 Building Codes, Design Specifications,
and the Steel Construction Manual 30
1.8 The Structural Steel Design and Construction
Process 32
1.9 Gravity and Lateral Load Paths and
Structural Redundancy 32
1.10 Roof and Floor Framing Layout 35
1.11 Sustainability in the Design and Construction of
Steel Structures 39
References 40
Exercises 43
Chapter 2: Design Methods, Load Combinations, and
Gravity Loads and Load Paths 49
2.1 Introduction to Design Methods 49
2.2 Strength Reduction or Resistance Factors 56
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2.3 Load Factors and Load Combinations 56
2.4 Introduction to Structural Design Loads 69
2.5 Gravity Loads in Building Structures 70
2.6 Dead Loads 70
2.7 Live Loads 74
2.8 Floor Live Loads 75
2.9 Floor Live Load Reduction 75
2.10 Roof Live Load 78
2.11 Snow Load 86
2.12 Rain Loads 104
2.13 Ice Loads Due to Freezing Rain 106
2.14 Miscellaneous Loads 110
2.15 Vertical and Lateral Deflection, and
Lateral Acceleration Criteria 113
References 116
Exercises 117
Chapter 3: Lateral Loads and Lateral Force Resisting Systems 127
3.1 Lateral Loads on Buildings 127
3.2 Lateral Force Resisting Systems in Steel Buildings 133
3.3 Wind Loads 137
3.4 Calculation of Wind Loads 138
3.5 Effect of Net Factored Uplift Loads on
Roof Beams and Joists 159
3.6 Designing for Tornadoes – Simplified Method 161
3.7 Calculation of Seismic Loads 162
3.8 Seismic Analysis of Buildings Using the ASCE 7
Load Standard 166
3.9 Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Method 168
3.10 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Base Shear, V 173
3.11 Story Drift due to Seismic Lateral Forces 175
3.12 Structural Detailing Requirements for
Seismic Design 176
References 182
Exercises 183
C ontents •
ix
Chapter 4: Tension Members 191
4.1 Introduction 191
4.2 Failure Modes and Analysis of Tension Members 191
4.3 Design of Tension Members 216
4.4 Tension Rods 224
References 230
Exercises 230
Chapter 5: Compression Members Under Concentric
Axial Loads 241
5.1 Introduction 241
5.2 Euler Critical Buckling Load 243
5.3 Compression Member Strength 250
5.4 Local Buckling of Compression Members 251
5.5 Analysis Procedures for Compression Members 257
5.6 Design Procedures for Compression Members 265
5.7 Alignment Charts or Nomographs 272
5.8 Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of
Compression Members 280
5.9 Single Angle Members Under Eccentric
Compression Loads 296
References 300
Exercises 301
Chapter 6: Flexural Members 309
6.1 Introduction 309
6.2 Classification of Flexural Members 312
6.3 Failure Modes of Flexural Members and
Design Strength for Compact Shapes 316
6.4 Design Strength in Bending for Noncompact and
Slender Shapes 326
6.5 Design of Flexural Members for Shear 329
6.6 AISCM Beam Design Tables 333
6.7 Serviceability Requirements for Beams 336
6.8 Beam Design Procedure 340
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6.9 Biaxial Bending and Torsion 343
6.10 Beam Bearing Failure Modes and Design Strength 356
6.11 Bearing Stiffeners 365
6.12 Open-Web Steel Joists 371
6.13 Floor Plates, Rectangular Plates, and Grating 376
6.14 Cantilevered Beam Systems 381
6.15 Flexural Strength of WT-Sections and Double Angles 384
6.16 Flexural Strength of Square and Rectangular HSS,
and Box-Shaped Sections 392
References 395
Exercises 396
Chapter 7: Composite Beams 407
7.1 Introduction 407
7.2 Shear Studs 409
7.3 Composite Beam Strength 414
7.4 Shoring of Composite Beams 429
7.5 Deflection of Composite Beams 434
7.6 Composite Beam Analysis and Design Using
the AISCM Tables 436
7.7 Composite Beam Design Procedure 440
7.8 Practical Considerations for Composite Beam
and Girder Construction 453
7.9 Other Types of Composite Construction 457
References 457
Exercises 457
Chapter 8: Members Under Combined Axial Load
and Bending Moment 463
8.1 Introduction to Beam–Columns 463
8.2 Examples of Beam–Columns in Braced Frames 467
8.3 Beam—Column Design 469
8.4 Moment Amplification (P-DELTA) Effects 471
8.5 Stability Analysis and Calculation of the Required
Strengths of Beam–Columns 473
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xi
8.6 Direct Analysis Method (DAM) 474
8.7 Amplified First-Order Analysis Method (AFOAM)
and Amplification Factors 476
8.8 First-Order Analysis Method (FOAM) 482
8.9 Effective Length Method (ELM) 483
8.10 Unbalanced Moments, M nt , for Columns in
Braced Frames due to the Eccentricity of the
Girder and Beam Reactions 493
8.11 Student Practice Problem and Column
Design Templates 520
8.12 Analysis of Moment Frames Using the Amplified
First-Order Method 523
8.13 Analysis and Design of Beam–Columns for
Combined Axial Tension and Bending 536
8.14 Design of Beam-Columns for Combined
Axial Tension and Bending 539
8.15 Column Base Plates 539
8.16 Anchor Rods 544
8.17 Uplift Force at Column Base Plates 547
8.18 Tension Capacity of Anchor Rods
Embedded in Concrete 551
8.19 Resisting Lateral Shear at Column Base Plates 554
8.20 Column Base Plates Under Axial Load and Moment 556
8.21 Column Schedule 570
References 572
Exercises 572
Chapter 9: Bolted Connections 583
9.1 Introduction 583
9.2 Bolt Installation 585
9.3 Hole Types and Spacing Requirements 589
9.4 Failure Modes and Strength of Bolts 591
9.5 Eccentrically Loaded Bolts: Shear 612
9.6 Eccentrically Loaded Bolts: Bolts in Shear
and Tension 620
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9.7 Prying Action: Bolts in Tension 626
9.8 Framed Beam Connections 630
References 638
Exercises 638
Chapter 10: Welded Connections 645
10.1 Introduction 645
10.2 Types of Joints and Welds 647
10.3 Weld Symbols 650
10.4 Dimensional Requirements for Welds 652
10.5 Fillet Weld Strength 654
10.6 Plug and Slot Weld Strength 660
10.7 Groove Weld Strength 665
10.8 Eccentrically Loaded Welds: Shear Only 668
10.9 Eccentrically Loaded Welds: Shear Plus Tension 677
10.10 Bolts Used in Combination with Welds 679
References 680
Exercises 680
Chapter 11: Moment Connections, Bracing and
Truss Connections, and Miscellaneous Details 687
11.1 Introduction 687
11.2 Moment Connections: Introduction 687
11.3 Partially Restrained (PR) and Flexible Moment
Connections (FMC) 690
11.4 Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connections 693
11.5 Moment Connections: Beams and Beam Splices 699
11.6 Column Stiffeners in Moment Connections 709
11.7 Column Splices 716
11.8 Design of Gusset Plates in Vertical Bracing and
Truss Connections 719
11.9 Coped Beams 736
11.10 Holes in Beams 748
References 753
Exercises 755
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xiii
Chapter 12: Floor Vibrations due to Human Activity 759
12.1 Introduction 759
12.2 Vibration Terminology 760
12.3 Natural Frequency of Floor Systems 761
12.4 Floor Systems with Open-Web Steel Joists 765
12.5 Evaluation of Floor Systems for Walking Vibrations 766
12.6 Analysis Procedure for Walking Vibrations 771
12.7 Rhythmic Vibration Criteria 783
12.8 Sensitive Equipment Vibration Criteria 788
12.9 Vibration of Monumental Steel Stairs 788
12.10 Vibration Control Measures 789
References 790
Exercises 791
Chapter 13: Built-up Sections— Welded Plate Girders 795
13.1 Introduction to Welded Plate Girders 795
13.2 Design of Plate Girders 799
13.3 Bending Strength of Welded Plate Girders
with Slender Webs 800
13.4 Design for Shear in Plate Girders without Diagonal
Tension Field Action (AISCM Section G2.1) 804
13.5 Diagonal Tension Field Action in Plate Girders
(AISCM Section G2.2) 806
13.6 Connection of Welded Plate Girder Components 809
13.7 Plate Girder Preliminary Design (LRFD) 810
13.8 Plate Girder Final Design (LRFD) 810
References 817
Exercises 817
Chapter 14: Practical Considerations in the Design of
Steel Buildings 821
14.1 Introduction and Rules of Thumb for
Structural Steel Design 821
14.2 Layout of Structural Systems in Steel Buildings 823
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14.3 Lateral Load Distribution in Horizontal
Diaphragms; Drag Struts (or Collectors) and Chords 829
14.4 Design of Roof and Floor Diaphragms in
Steel Buildings 849
14.5 Transfer of Lateral Loads in Roofs with Open
Web Steel Joists 859
14.6 Girts and Wind Columns 861
14.7 Relief or Shelf Angles for Supporting Brick Veneer 862
14.8 Achieving Adequate Drainage in Steel-Framed Roofs 864
14.9 Ponding in Steel-Framed Roof Systems 865
14.10 Stability Bracing for Beams, Columns, and
Beam–Columns 867
14.11 Steel Preparations, Finishes, and Fireproofing 874
14.12 Corrosion Protection of Structural Steel 876
14.13 Introduction to Strengthening and Retrofitting of
Existing Steel Structures 880
14.14 Elastic Shortening of Columns in Tall Steel Buildings 887
14.15 Structural Integrity Requirements 888
14.16 Structural Drawing Notes, and Sample Roof/Floor
Plans and Details 889
14.17 Student Design Projects 892
References 911
Appendix: Plastic Analysis and Design of Continuous Beams and Girders 915
Index 927 |
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